How is criterion measurement characterized?

Criterion measurement is characterized by its emphasis on assessing an individual's performance against specific standards or criteria related to mastery of particular content. This approach is grounded in the idea that the measurement is designed to determine whether an individual has achieved a predetermined level of understanding or skill in a specific area, rather than comparing their performance to that of others or assessing it within a normal distribution.

In criterion-referenced assessments, success is defined by the ability to demonstrate proficiency or mastery of the objectives set forth in the curriculum, meaning that the focus is on what the individual knows and can do, as opposed to how they perform in relation to their peers. This is crucial in educational settings where the goal is to ensure that all students meet certain learning expectations.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of criterion measurement. For instance, characterizing it based on a normal distribution of scores implies a norm-referenced approach, while options that suggest a lack of specific criteria or a focus solely on comparative scores among students detract from the fundamental principle of measuring against defined standards of achievement.